Types Of Market Structures And The Success Of A Market

Market structures are very important and understanding the structures can let too smooth operation of an industry. There are many factors that contribute to the success of a market like, buyers, sellers, pricing, and the productivity. Monopoly, oligopoly, perfect competition, and monopolistic competition are the different types of market structures. Businesses are affected by with structure they operate within and success can vary based on their choice. Structures gives important information that a firm needs to operate because it can be a foundation, or reference to see exactly what areas need improvement. A firm must be wise in their choice of all the different markets before they make their entry. Education of this would lead to best overall choice and possibly the success of the business. Firms sometimes make poor decision because they are not always sure of with market fits their structure and this could lead to failure. Perfect competition is the market structure where there are sellers, and buyers that produce homogeneous products, and free entry and exit out of the industry (Amarcher, pate, 2013). The particular market has the most number of firms making similar products therefore the competition is basically on and level playing field. To be consider a perfect competition the structure must have a large number of firms selling or producing the similar products. The only differences between the firms should be the overall quality of the products that areShow MoreRelatedMcDonalds Market Structure656 Words   |  3 PagesMarket Structure: The organization and characteristics of a specific market where a company operates is referred to as market structure. While markets can basically be classified by their degree of competitiveness and pricing, there are four types of markets i.e. perfect competition, monopolistic competition, monopoly, and oligopoly. In perfect competition markets, many firms are price takers whereas monopolistic competition markets are characterized by the ability of some firms to have marketRead MoreEvaluating Market Structures1574 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluating Market Structures Economics 212 Abstract Many types of market structures exist, with each market structure proving more effective than the other for certain firms. If a firm choses to enter a different market structure then that firms financial success will either diminish or flourish accordingly; the latter is usually the case regarding monopolistic competition market structures in the short run. Firms in this market structure must compete by using strategies, hiring skilled labor, evaluatingRead MoreOrganizational Structure And Management Process Essay1630 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization is its structure and its management process. The success of any firm is directly related to how well it is organized and how effective it s managed. Organizational structure and management processes are interrelated and they provide a gauge as to how effective an overall business strategy is implemented. The measure of success in any business is how effectively it can compete in finding new opportunities and having the internal stru cture necessary to compete in different markets and businessRead MoreReflection Paper1607 Words   |  7 Pageslearning team began discussing the topic of market structures. According to our readings, there are four different types of market structures such as pure competition, a pure monopoly, a monopolistic competition, and an oligopoly. Each one of these market structures are diverse in definition, characteristics, and in application, which will be further explained later in detail. We had learned that each one of these four market structures can be applied to businesses, organizationsRead MoreIndividual And Group Behaviour Management Of Employees1520 Words   |  7 Pages Organisational structure and culture Organisations have different structures and cultures according to their needs to achieve their goals and objectives. Functional Structure Functional structure is made up so that each part of the organisation is grouped according to its purpose. There may be several different departments such as, marketing department, a sales department and a production department. Each department could have their own director. The functional structure fits very well for smallRead MoreGeneral Motors, Lexus, Gmc And Cadillac As A Representation Of The Broader Categories Of Cars869 Words   |  4 Pagesand focus primarily on research regarding market type and marketing strategies. B. Research Question and Hypothesis This paper will answer the research question; â€Å"Prove that General Motors is operating in an oligopolistic market structure and outline how they strive to be a leading competitor in the automotive industry,†Based off primary research from sales statistics and cost patterns, I hypothesis that the company is operating in an oligopolistic market structure.To verify, this paper will focusRead MoreWalmart International Segment Of Walmart1553 Words   |  7 Pagesoperating in the United States and Canada. Walmart has an employee 2.2 million employees around the world. There are 1.3 million employees that worked in the United States, and around 900,000 employees in the international market. Walmart in an international market has three types that is: 1. Walmart stores, focus on selling clothing, hardware, linens, small electronics, sporting items and similar items; 2. Sam s Clubs, focus on bulk items to customers who purchase warehouse memberships, it is likeRead MoreDemand Curve Essay examples976 Words   |  4 Pages5:26 PM (CDT) Unit 4 - Individual Project Assignment Overview Go To: Type: Individual Project Unit: Market Structure and Firm Strategy Due Date: Mon, 3/14/16 Grading Type: Numeric Points Possible: 200 Points Earned: 0 Deliverable Length: 1000-1500 words Assignment Details Scenario Learning Materials Reading Assignment My Work: Online Deliverables: Submissions Assignment Details Assignment Description Weekly tasks or assignments (Individual or Group Projects) will beRead MoreBusiness Strategy Tools1065 Words   |  5 Pagesresource and capability tools) and techniques to the formulation and analysis of value creation and capture at a strategic level. Porter 5 Force analysis Porter framework assumes: 1. industry structure drives competitive behaviour 2. Industry structure is (fairly) stable. [pic] Case: Airline Industry †¦. Porter’s 5 forces – purpose: Identifying the different stakeholders, or ‘forces’, which affect: †¢ The level of competition in an industry. †¢ TheRead MorePestle Analysis Of Mcdonalds1628 Words   |  7 PagesPESTLE analysis. The PESTLE analysis model determines the different external factors that offers opportunities or threats to the business based on its macro-environment. In the global fast food restaurant market, McDonalds is focused on economic and sociocultural factors. Nonetheless, the company’s success is indicative of its effective strategies to deal with all of such  external factors. As the largest fast food restaurant chain in the world, McDonalds must keep modifying its approaches based on the

Essay Medieval Europe - Papal Reformation - 1631 Words

Since the Council of Nicaea called in the fourth century by Constantine to the early eleventh century, the Church was never established as a free standing institution. For over eight hundred years the Church had been under the authority of secular powers. Charlemagne and the Carolingians emperors saw themselves as the ones to maintain the Church materially, organizationally, and spiritually, while the pope was only an example of ideal Christian living. Social deterioration led to the corruption of the Church and its offices; simony being the biggest problem. The papacy itself was corrupted by simony and Roman politics. While reform had been taking place in the local levels for some time, the papacy was the last part of the Church to be†¦show more content†¦The next pope to further the papal reformation was Nicholas II. Pope Nicholas II built upon what Leo IX had already done. Nicholas and a council produced the Lateran synod of April 1059. The synod ended clerical marriage a nd established clergy celibacy. It also added to the strict prevention of simony. Also with the synod, Nicholas and the council made two major decisions that would shape the papacy up until today. The first of these decisions was to condemn the practice of lay investiture. â€Å"The ritual by which a lay prince â€Å"invested† a priest or bishop with the insignia of his office suggested that the ecclesiastical authority was subordinate to the secular† (Backman, 270). The papacy now condemned this seeing as the reforming popes were trying to establish the Church as an entity on its own. The Church wanted to control everything about itself and completely cut off any secular ties trying to control it. The second major decision Nicholas and the council made was mad in the Papal Election Decree of 1059. This was to ensure no pope could ever be placed in power by a secular ruler but only elected by the College of Cardinals. Backman describes it as this: †¦for all eternity the only way for any individual to become the legitimate pontiff of the Holy Catholic Church was to be freely elected to the position by the College of Cardinals. This decree removed the Holy See from the clutched of the Roman magnates, but it alsoShow MoreRelated Reformation in continental Europe and England and its consequences1616 Words   |  7 Pages Reformation is the religious revolution that took place in Western Europe in the 16th century. It arose from objections to doctrines and practices in the medieval church, loss of papal authority and credibility as well as other societal, political and economical issues of the time. This revolution had a major impact on Europe and it gave way to short term and long-term consequences, which still can be seen today. There were many causes of Reformation, some go as far back as the fourteenth centuryRead MoreReformation in Continental Europe and England and Its Consequences1611 Words   |  7 PagesReformation is the religious revolution that took place in Western Europe in the 16th century. It arose from objections to doctrines and practices in the medieval church, loss of papal authority and credibility as well as other societal, political and economical issues of the time. This revolution had a major impact on Europe and it gave way to short term and long-term consequences, which still can be seen today. There were many causes of Reformation, some go as far back as the fourteenth centuryRead MoreThe Roman Catholic Church s Influence And Governance Over Europe Throughout The Middle Ages1936 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay will identify and examine the significance of the Roman Catholic Church’s influence and governance over Europe throughout the Middle Ages. For the purposes of this essay, the Middle Ages refers to the period between the Conversion of Constantine in 313CE and the onset of the Renaissance Period during the early 14th century. In addition, this essay will examine and account for change in the institution and theology of the Roman Catholic Church. It will identify the nature and importanceRead MoreThe Christian Church in the Middle Ages Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesChurch in the Middle Ages The Christian Church in the Middle Ages played a significant role in society. Unfortunately though, the church is often regarded as the capital of corruption, evil, and worldliness. Today, so many people depict the medieval church as being led by materialistic popes, devouring tithes from poverty-stricken peasants, having various illegitimate children, and granting indulgences for money from wayward believers. Yes, circumstances like this may have been the case, andRead MoreThe Renaissance And The Middle Ages1516 Words   |  7 Pagesfocus on humanism. William Manchester author of A World Lit Only by Fire: The Medieval Mind and the Renaissance, Portrait of an Age discusses the concept of the medieval mind, the culture of the Renaissance, and significant changes during these time periods. According to Manchester, the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance is referred to as The Shattering. The Shattering is the destruction of the medieval world view, â€Å"the im plications of the Renaissance appear to be obvious. ItRead MoreThe 95 Theses By Martin Luther982 Words   |  4 Pagesis a historical document that cause major uproars throughout Europe. The 95 Theses were written by Martin Luther in October of 1517. The 95 Theses were ninety-five statements written by Martin Luther in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church. They challenged the common practices of the Catholic Church, including indulgences and the authority of the pope. The 95 Theses sparked a theological debate that fueled the Reformation in Europe. I chose this primary source, because I feel like this is oneRead MoreHistory Of Western Civ II : A Period Of Religious Freedom953 Words   |  4 PagesValentin Professor Acevedo History of Western Civ II 1 March 2016 â€Å"Was the Sixteenth Century CE (Reformation Era) A Period of Religious Freedom In Europe† Reformation is an act of improvement in the existing form or condition of institutions or practices etc.; intended to make a striking change for the better in social or political or religious affairs. The Reformation of the sixteenth century in Europe began as an attempt to reform the practices of the Catholic Church and was sparked by Martin Luther’sRead MoreThe Structure Of Medieval Society Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pageson the structure of medieval society . The Structure of Medieval Society This essay is a revision of the first chapter in ‘The flowering of the Middle Ages’ edited by Joan Evans, published in 1966. This chapter ‘The Structure of the Medieval Society’ was written by Cristopher Brooke’. This takes the original medieval pyramid and talks about is in detail with several stories and he also expresses his own thoughts on what was going on during that time. When discussing Medieval European society, feudalismRead MoreRenaissance, Science, And Exploration : The World Remade1804 Words   |  8 PagesRemade The period of the Reformation roughly overlaps that of the Renaissance, but the two movements are distinct. How so? Discuss three major figures of the Reformation. What forms of Christianity came into being as a result of the Reformation? Compare and contrast Catholicism and the Protestant religions that rose against it. What was the Catholic reaction to the Reformation? The Reformation and the Renaissance were both major movements in Europe that changed the course of WesternRead MoreWhy Did The Renaissance Come From Northern Europe?1696 Words   |  7 PagesWhy did the Renaissance come later to northern Europe than to Italy and what were its distinctive characteristics? The Renaissance, a term coined by Giorgio Vasari in 1550 , is used to describe the period of cultural and intellectual change which started in Italy and then spread across the rest of Europe. This development in society led to Europe stepping out of the medieval era and becoming a powerhouse on a global scale. The Italian Renaissance is what the majority of people think of

Accounting Essay 7 Free Essays

At the end of 2011, retained earnings for the Bisk Company was $1,750. Revenue earned by the company in 2011 was $2,000, expenses paid during the period were $1,100, and dividends paid during the period were $500. Based on this information alone, retained earnings at the beginning of 2011 was [pic] |[pic] |$850. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Essay 7 or any similar topic only for you Order Now | |[pic][pic] |$1,350. | |[pic] |$4,000. | |[pic] |$2,150. | GAAP† stands for [pic] [pic] |Generally Authorized Auditing Principles | |[pic] |Government Authorized Accounting Procedures | |[pic] |Generally Applied Accounting Procedures | |[pic][pic] |Generally Accepted Accounting Principles | The total equity of Timberlake Company at the beginning of 2011 amounted to $3,500. During 2011 the company reported net income of $1,800 and paid a $500 dividend. If retained earnings at the end of 2011 is $2,200, what was beginning contributed capital? [pic] |[pic] |$2,100 | |[pic] |$3,100 | |[pic] |$400 | |[pic][pic] |$2,600 | Which of the following could represent the effects of an asset source transaction on a company’s financial statements? |[pic] | [pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic][pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | The Mason Company is a manufacturer of fine home furnishings. Which term best describes Mason’s role in society? [pic] |[pic] |Regulatory Agency | |[pic][pic] |Conversion Agent | |[pic] |Consumer | |[pic] |Resource Owner | Which of the following could describe the effects of an asset exchange transaction on a company’s financial statements? [pic] | [pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic][pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | Which of the following groups has the primary responsibility for establishing generally accepted accounting principles for business entities in the United States? pic] |[pic] |U. S. Congress. | |[pic] |Internal Revenue Service. | |[pic][pic] |Financial Accounting Standards Board. | |[pic] |International Accounting Standards Board. | During 2011, Childress Company earned $800 of cash revenue, paid $400 of cash expenses, and paid a $200 cash dividend to its owners. Based on this information alone, [pic] |[pic] |net income amounted to $400. | |[pic] |total assets increased by $200. | |[pic][pic] |cash inflow from op erating activities was $400. | |[pic] |all of these are correct. Dividends paid by a company are shown on the [pic] |[pic] |income statement. | |[pic][pic] |statement of changes in stockholders’ equity. | |[pic] |statement of cash flows. | |[pic] |both b and c. | Asset use transactions always involve the payment of cash. [pic] |[pic][pic] |True | |[pic] |False | The Sarbanes-Oxley Act includes several significant reforms that affect the auditing profession, but it did not reduce an audit firm’s ability to provide non-audit services to its audit clients. [pic] |[pic] |True | [pic][pic] |False | Which of the following is not a common feature of ethical misconduct? [pic] |[pic] |The capacity to rationalize. | |[pic] |The presence of an opportunity. | |[pic] |The existence of pressure leading to an incentive. | |[pic][pic] |The existence of a strong system of internal controls. | After closing, only balance sheet accounts have non-zero balances. [pic] |[pic][pic] |True | | [pic] |False | After closing, only balance sheet accounts have non-zero balances. [pic] |[pic][pic] |True | [pic] |False | Policies and procedures designed to reduce the opportunities for fraud are often called: [pic] |[pic][pic] |internal controls | |[pic] |accounting principles | |[pic] |asset source transactions | |[pic] |financial systems | Aaronson Company experienced an accounting event that affected its financial statements as indicated below:   [pic] Which of the following accounting events could have caused these effects on ABC’s statements? [pic] |[pic] |Recognized accrued salaries owed to employees. | |[pic][pic] |Earned revenue on account. | |[pic] |Issued common stock. | |[pic] |Purchased equipment on account. | The ethical standards for certified public accountants simply require that such accountants comply with applicable laws and regulations. [pic] [pic] |True | |[pic][pic] |False | Which of the following is not a component of the fraud triangle? [pic] |[pic] |Rationalization | |[pic] |Pressure | |[pic] |Opportunity | |[pic][pic] |Trust | The purpose of the accrual basis of accounting is to: [pic] |[pic] |Improve the company’s earnings per share. | |[pic][pic] |Report revenue when received. | |[pic] |Improve the matching of revenue and expense in the proper period. | |[pic] |Report expenses when cash disbursements are made. | A liability account normally has a debit balance. [pic] |[pic] |True | |[pic][pic] |False | The financial statement ratio that may be of greatest interest to a company’s stockholders is the amount of its return on equity. pic] |[pic][pic] |True | |[pic] |False | A high value of the debt to asset ratio may indicate that a company has a high level of debt risk. [pic] |[pic][pic] |True | |[pic] |False | Which of the following errors would cause the debit side of a trial balance to be larger than the credit side? [pic] |[pic] |Revenue earned on account was recorded with a debit to Cash and a credit to Revenue. | |[pic] |Purchase of supplies on account was recorded with a credit to Suppl ies and a debit to Accounts Payable. |[pic][pic] |Land purchased with cash was recorded with a debit to the Land account and a credit to Accounts Payable. | |[pic] |None of these. | The Armstrong Corporation recorded a business event using T-accounts as follows:   [pic] Which of the following reflects how this event affects the company’s financial statements? |[pic] | [pic] [pic][pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | When a company receives cash in advance from a customer, it should debit Cash and credit Accounts Receivable. [pic] |[pic] |True | |[pic][pic] |False | The left side of a T-account is known as the: [pic] [pic] |Claims side | |[pic][pic] |Debit side | |[pic] |Credit side | |[pic] |Equity side | Debits decrease asset accounts. [pic] |[pic] |True | |[pic][pic] |False | Double entry accounting requires that every entry must include at least one debit and at least one credit. pic] |[pic][pic] |True | |[pic] |False | KMR Company provided repai r service of $2,800 to a customer who paid $1,300 and promised to pay the remainder next month. Which of the following journal entries correctly records this transaction? [pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic][pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | How to cite Accounting Essay 7, Essays

Actor-Network Theory Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing

Questions: 1. Identify the relationship between computer hardware and software? 2. Describe the most common types of software programmes and explain how they may be used to enhance management functions? Answers: Introduction Actor-Network theory can be defined as the research that is developing in the field of science studies which bargains as the items being a piece of the informal organization. Regardless of the way that it is best known for its argumentative accentuation on the utmost of nonhumans to act or join in structures or frameworks or both, is moreover associated with convincing researches of normal and essential human science. Subterranean insect is consistently joined with the identical treatment of human and non-human on-screen characters. It acknowledges that all substances in a framework can and should be depicted in the same terms (Maple, 2012). Background of the Topic This section is divided into two consisting of different stories that depict the concept of contemporary computing can be seen as an assemblage and in relation to discusses the concept of Actor-Network theory. This theory serves to depict how actors structure organizations together and utilize non-human actors to reinforce such organizations together and to secure their interests (Arutyunov, 2012). Discussions For better productivity of the systems there is a requirement for collaboration of hardware with software. As nothing can be produced only by the hardware itself in turn it requires appropriate software for production by the systems (Duran-Limon, Blair and Coulson, 2010). The following points can help us to describe about the relationship between hardware and software of a system: 1. The hardware and software together is an essential requirement of systems such that they can perform and produce results as both are paired to each other. 2. The similar hardware can be used with different softwares to perform various tasks depending on the demand of the user of the system. 3. The investments in hardware is a single time expenditure except for the up gradation of the hardwares in the system whereas the expense to softwares is a continuous process as the some programs may not be accessed using the old softwares and thus we buy new softwares as and when money becomes available or urgent need arises to access the systems. In addition to this we can also discuss the relationship between the hardware and software in terms of cloud computing and computer games as discussed later. The proper running of computer games depends upon the hardware and software specifications given in the release of the game. Thus it is clear that there obviously exists an interrelation between the hardware and software of a system for the proper running of the systems. In distributed computing the hardware acts as support to the software that provides cloud services to the clients. According to the providers of the cloud services the hardware must be designed such that it serves the purpose of every client who may vary in regards to their softwares in the system. This concept of cloud computing is a evolution in the computing world as it can be used by anyone irrespective of their software platforms as they do not need to change any specifications to access the services (Andras Moritz, Narayanan and Khasanvis, 2012). In this context of Actor-Network theory, the softwares can be defined as actors which plays an important role in the society for interconnections between the individuals. And it has totally embedded itself to our society so it can be seen as an assemblage which provides various functions to maintain the process flow in the society. So, from the above discussion it can be noted that there exists an interrelationship between the hardware and software in context to contemporary computing as it provides us with platform to interact with the computer systems. In this modern world of computing the hardware and software of a system can also be considered not only as objects but as parts of the society (Lastovetsky, 2012). 1. Cloud Computing In this section, case study methodology is used to examine the cloud computing as modern computing and discussed in accordance to the actor-network theory. In this case an example of a leading online seller Amazon is taken into account which adapted cloud services into their business according to the Actor-Network theory. The main objective of adapting cloud services by Amazon was to offer its partners with web services. In the wake of creating different sorts of administrations, Amazon reinforces the entire aggressiveness of production network operation effectiveness with her accomplices. Cloud computing administrations are enhanced from their interior IT, initially boost their business process. At that point, Amazon enlists their ecommerce partners embracing their web administrations, and at that point cloud administrations inserted in their daily business process. Amazon reinforces their business values through the partners systems shaped by IT and cloud services. Thus according t o Actor-Network theory it can be said that the cloud services adapted by Amazon acts as actants in the society. And the ecommerce partners can be said as the actors acting in the society (Bansal, 2013). Cloud computing administrations are developed from their inner IT, initially boosting their business process. At that point, Amazon enlists their ecommerce partners embracing their web administrations, and at that point cloud services. For case, Amazon enlists her online store accomplices into the actor-network what's more, balances out system by inserting production network forms into their innovation. Amazons online store accomplices are difficult to sell out in light of bolted operation procedures in distributed computing innovation and administrations as well as services inserted in their daily business process. Amazon fortifies their business values through the partners systems framed by IT and cloud administrations. On the basis of Actor-Network theory, it is said that the human are the actants and non-humans i.e. cloud services in this aspect can be referred to as actors in the network. Actornetwork hypothesis demands the limit of nonhumans to be performers or members in syste ms and framework. Despite of the conflicts in this theory, it can be assessed that actors means non-humans plays an important role in this society to develop the network. The modern computing technology has involved itself totally into the modern society and thereby increasing the efficiency of the daily process in the business. Thus from this research it can be concluded that in this world of modern computing, actants are an important aspect for development of the network in the society (Gander and Wanner, 2012). 2. Computer Games The evolution in the world of gaming can be denoted as modern computing technology which is having an adverse effect on the society. According to ANT (Actor-Network Theory), the computer games can be identified as actors and it plays an important role in the network. This section is to depict computer games as actors in the network that produce encounters 1by practicing control over the client's capacities, for instance their intellectual capacities. Utilizing PC programming more often infers that the client is the dynamic part who controls the association by data and direct control. Association with PC games is an alternate affair in light of the fact that the client demonstrates in an amusement world where the substance of the amusement has broad impact on the gamers conduct. In this context, we are going to demonstrate how games can be seen as actors and as coordinators of actors and activities on the basis of Actor Network Theory (Hajibaba and Gorgin, 2014). The primary thought of Tesfay et al. (2013), this theory is that moves dependably make place in cooperation between actors in systems when performing actors impact one another and battle for force. We more often than not see social cooperation between people along these lines, on the other hand, ANT contrasts from conventional social hypothesis by expressing that the performing artists are people as well as can be different components too. According to this theory, all components including humans and non-humans are to be considered as a part of the system. On the off chance that you need to play the amusement, human and non-human, specialized and non-specialized components are a piece of the system, and none of the components are per definition allowed uncommon control over the others. The games are acting as actors in the society which helps in the development of the humans in this modern world Sayes, E. (2014). Conclusion The concept of modern computing has evolved over the few years and almost fully developed an attachment in our society Farias, I., Bender, T. (Eds.) (2012). In this article, it has been discussed about the cloud computing quality and future innovation/administration improvement through ANT hypothesis. We contend that distributed computing qualities created through systems administration of IT, administrations, associations and their hobbies. In short, cloud computing is acting as actants in the society. In regards to computer games it can be described that the games are actors in the society which helps to develop the network in the society. Thus it can be concluded that despite of the conflicts of non-humans capability in the network it plays an important role to in the development of the network in the society (Tari, 2014). References List An introduction to modern mathematical computing: with Maple. (2012).Choice Reviews Online, 49(05), pp.49-2709-49-2709. Arutyunov, V. (2012). Cloud computing: Its history of development, modern state, and future considerations.Scientific and Technical Information Processing, 39(3), pp.173-178. Bansal, N. (2013). Cloud computing technology (with BPOS and Windows Azure).International Journal of Cloud Computing, 2(1), p.48. Gander, M. and Wanner, G. (2012). From Euler, Ritz, and Galerkin to Modern Computing.SIAM Rev., 54(4), pp.627-666. Hajibaba, M. and Gorgin, S. (2014). A Review on Modern Distributed Computing Paradigms: Cloud Computing, Jungle Computing and Fog Computing.Journal of Computing and Information Technology, 22(2), p.69. Tari, Z. (2014). Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing.IEEE Cloud Comput., 1(1), pp.54-57. Sayes, E. (2014). ActorNetwork Theory and methodology: Just what does it mean to say that nonhumans have agency?.Social Studies of Science,44(1), 134-149. Farias, I., Bender, T. (Eds.). (2012).Urban assemblages: How actor-network theory changes urban studies. Routledge. Andras Moritz, C., Narayanan, P. and Khasanvis, S. (2012). Special Issue of Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing: Computing with Future Nanotechnology.Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 72(12), p.1781. Duran-Limon, H., Blair, G. and Coulson, G. (2010). Adaptive resource management in middleware: a survey.IEEE Distributed Systems Online, 5(7), pp.1-13. Lastovetsky, A. (2012). Special issue of Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing: Heterogeneity in parallel and distributed computing.Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 72(10), p.1397. Tesfay, W., Aleksy, M., Andersson, K. and Lehtola, M. (2013). Mobile computing application for industrial field service engineering: A case for ABB service engineers.38th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks - Workshops.